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Attacks Revive Debate On Encryption Surveillance

2022-03-21T19:18:26Z

JAYTaj5880299: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „Attacks revive debate on encryption, surveillance By Afp Published: 03:46, 17 November 2015 | Updated: 03:47, 17 November 2015 e-…“

Attacks revive debate on encryption, surveillance By Afp Published: 03:46, 17 November 2015 | Updated: 03:47, 17 November 2015 e-mail The deadly Paris attacks have reignited debate on encrypted communications by terror cells and whether law enforcement and intelligence services are "going dark" in the face of new technologies. The exact means of communication in Friday's strikes were not immediately clear, but media reports have said the Islamic State organization has increasingly turned to encrypted communications and applications to avoid detection. The latest carnage in France has revived concerns that law enforcement and intelligence lack the ability to tap into new communications technologies, even with appropriate legal authorization. The latest carnage in France has revived concerns that law enforcement and intelligence lack the ability to tap into new communications technologies, such as on smart phones, even with appropriate legal authorization ©Carl Court (Getty/AFP/File) CIA Director John Brennan, speaking at a Washington forum Monday, warned that some technologies -- without specifically mentioning encryption -- "make it exceptionally difficult, both technically as well as legally, for intelligence and security services to have the insight they need to uncover it." Brennan echoed concerns voiced by leaders of the FBI and National Security Agency that terrorists are using encryption to hide their tracks. "I think what we're going to learn is that these guys are communicating via these encrypted apps, right, the commercial encryption, which is very difficult, if not impossible, for governments to break," former deputy CIA director Michael Morell told the CBS program "Face the Nation." New York City Police Commissioner William Bratton echoed those concerns, saying his department is often frustrated by encryption -- which has increased with new smartphones powered by Apple and Google software that provides only the users with keys to unlock data. "We're encountering that all the time," Bratton told broadcaster MSNBC Monday. "We have a huge operation in New York City working closely with the Joint Terrorism Task Force and we encounter that frequently. We are monitoring (suspects) and they go dark. They are going onto an encrypted app, they are going onto sites that we cannot access. The technology has been purposely designed by our manufacturers so that even they cannot get into their own devices." So far, the major US technology companies have spurned appeals from officials to enable access for key investigations and have stepped up encryption efforts following the 2013 leaks about vast surveillance capabilities of the US National Security Agency. - 'Game changing' - But in light of the bloodletting in France, the debate may change, observers say. "Evidence that terrorists were, in fact, using strong end-to-end encryption to kill people could be game-changing in a debate that has heretofore been defined by anxieties about NSA," said Benjamin Wittes, a Brookings Institution fellow who edits the blog Lawfare. "The tech companies won the first round of the current encryption battles in large measure because the concerns the intelligence and law enforcement community have about 'going dark,' while acutely real to them, are pretty hypothetical on public evidence," he added. "All that could change in an instant were it to emerge that the Paris attackers were using technology specifically chosen to secure their communications from those charged with stopping terrorist attacks." Steve Vladeck, an American University law professor Cryptotab Browser Tab; Cb.Run, and editor of the Just Security blog, said there will be renewed debate on surveillance and encryption in the wake of the Paris attacks. "I don't think we know nearly enough yet to assess whether anything about the Paris attacks ought to tilt the scales in the ongoing debate over encryption," he said. "The most immediate focus of post-Paris discussions of national security law and policy reform is going to be surveillance, with a special focus on encryption and back doors." But many technology experts and civil liberties activists say allowing special access to law enforcement would weaken online security overall -- and could mean activists, journalists and people living under authoritarian regimes would lack the ability to freely communicate. - Good guys, bad guys - "We've never been able to create a 'back door' that can discriminate between good guys and bad guys," said Joseph Hall at the digital rights group Center for Democracy & Technology. Creating special access "would mean engineering vulnerabilities" into these systems, Hall told AFP. Mark Rotenberg, president of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, said that "there is no evidence so far that encryption thwarted an investigation" into the Paris attackers. "It may well be that it was a failure of human intelligence." Bruce Schneier, a cryptographer who is a fellow at the Harvard Berkman Center for Internet and Society and chief technology officer at the security firm Resilient Systems, said the Paris attacks may be used "to scare people" to weaken encryption. Schneier said leaked emails from September suggest that the US administration would seek to use a terror attack to get more public support for surveillance. "They are going to use this to convince people we need back doors," he told AFP. "It might change the debate because people are scared." Analysts believe there will be renewed debate among security organisations on surveillance and encryption in the wake of the Paris attacks ©Leon Neal (AFP/File) Many technology experts and civil liberties activists say allowing special access to law enforcement would weaken online security overall ©Karen Bleier (AFP/File)

How Obama Outmaneuvered Hardliners And Cut A Cuba Deal

2022-03-21T02:51:29Z

JAYTaj5880299: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „How Obama outmaneuvered hardliners and cut a Cuba deal By Reuters Published: 11:01, 23 March 2015 | Updated: 11:01, 23 March 2015 …“

How Obama outmaneuvered hardliners and cut a Cuba deal By Reuters Published: 11:01, 23 March 2015 | Updated: 11:01, 23 March 2015 e-mail By Warren Strobel, Matt Spetalnick and David Adams WASHINGTON/MIAMI, March 23 (Reuters) - The December breakthrough that upended a half-century of U.S.-Cuba enmity has been portrayed as the fruit of 18 months of secret diplomacy. But Reuters interviews with more than a dozen people with direct knowledge of the process reveal a longer, painstakingly cautious quest by U.S. President Barack Obama and veteran Cuba specialists to forge the historic rapprochement. As now-overt U.S.-Cuban negotiations continue this month, Reuters also has uncovered new details of how talks began and how they stalled in late 2013 during secret sessions in Canada. Senior administration officials and others also revealed how both countries sidelined their foreign policy bureaucracies and how Obama sought the Vatican's blessing to pacify opponents. Obama's opening to Havana could help restore Washington's influence in Latin America and give him a much-needed foreign policy success. But the stop-and-start way the outreach unfolded, with deep mistrust on both sides, illustrates the obstacles Washington and Havana face to achieving a lasting detente. Obama was not the first Democratic president to reach out to Cuba, but his attempt took advantage of - and carefully judged - a generational shift among Cuban-Americans that greatly reduced the political risks. In a May 2008 speech to the conservative Cuban-American National Foundation in Miami, Obama set out a new policy allowing greater travel and remittances to Cuba for Cuban-Americans, though he added he would keep the embargo in place as leverage. "Obama understood that the policy changes he was proposing in 2008 were popular in the Cuban-American community so he was not taking a real electoral risk," said Dan Restrepo, then Obama's top Latin America adviser. Six months later, Obama was validated by an unexpectedly high 35 percent of the Cuban-American vote, and in 2012 he won 48 percent - a record for a Democrat. With his final election over, Obama instructed aides in December 2012 to make Cuba a priority and "see how far we could push the envelope," recalled Ben Rhodes, a Deputy National Security Advisor who has played a central role in shaping Cuba policy. Helping pave the way was an early 2013 visit to Miami by Obama's top Latin American adviser Ricardo Zuniga. As a young specialist at the State Department he had contributed to a 2001 National Intelligence Estimate that, according to another former senior official who worked on it, marked the first such internal assessment that the economic embargo of Cuba had failed. He met a representative of the anti-Castro Cuban American National Foundation, and young Cuban-Americans who, according to one person present, helped confirm the waning influence of older Cuban exiles who have traditionally supported the half-century-old embargo. But the White House wasn't certain. "I don't think we ever reached a point where we thought we wouldn't have to worry about the reaction in Miami," a senior U.S. official said. The White House quietly proposed back-channel talks to the Cubans in April 2013, after getting notice that Havana would be receptive, senior U.S. officials said. Obama at first froze out the State Department in part due to concern that "vested interests" there were bent on perpetuating a confrontational approach, said a former senior U.S. official. Secretary of State John Kerry was informed of the talks only after it appeared they might be fruitful, officials said. Cuban President Raul Castro operated secretly too. Josefina Vidal, head of U.S. affairs at Cuba's foreign ministry, was cut out, two Americans close to the process said. Vidal could not be reached for comment. The meetings began in June 2013 with familiar Cuban harangues about the embargo and other perceived wrongs. Rhodes used his relative youth to volley back. "Part of the point was 'Look I wasn't even born when this policy was put in place We want to hear and talk about the future'," said Rhodes, 37. "THE CUBANS WERE DUG IN" Obama's people-to-people Cuba strategy was complicated by one person in particular: Alan Phillip Gross. The U.S. government had sent Gross, a USAID contractor, on risky missions to deliver communications equipment to Cuba's Jewish community. His December 2009 arrest put Obama's planned "new beginning" with Cuba on hold. The secret talks were almost derailed by Havana's steadfast demand that Obama swap the "Cuban Three," a cell of Cuban spies convicted in Miami but considered heroes in Havana, for Gross. Obama refused a straight trade because Washington denied Gross was a spy and the covert diplomacy stalled as 2013 ended. Even as Obama and Castro shook hands at the Johannesburg memorial service for South African leader Nelson Mandela, the situation behind the scenes did not look very hopeful. "The Cubans were dug in And we did kind of get stuck on this," Rhodes said. Rhodes and Zuniga spent more than 70 hours negotiating with the Cubans, mostly at Canadian government facilities in Ottawa. By late spring 2014, Gross' friends and family grew alarmed over his physical and psychological state. The White House and the Cubans knew that if he died in prison, repairing relations would be left to another generation. With Gross' mother, Evelyn, dying of lung cancer, the U.S. government and his legal team launched an effort to convince the Cubans to grant him a furlough to see her. That bid failed, despite an offer by Gross's lawyer Scott Gilbert to sit in his jail cell as collateral. But a turning point had occurred at a January 2014 meeting in Toronto. The Americans proposed - to the Cubans' surprise - throwing Rolando Sarraff, a spy for Washington imprisoned in Cuba since 1995, into the deal, U.S. participants said. The White House could claim it was a true "spy swap," giving it political cover. But it took 11 more months to seal the deal. Castro did not immediately agree to give up Sarraff, a cryptographer who Washington says helped it disrupt Cuban spy rings in the United States. And Obama, stung by the outcry over his May 2014 exchange of five Taliban detainees for U.S. Army Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl, was wary of another trade perceived as lopsided, according to people close to the situation. He weighed other options, including having the Cubans plead guilty to the charges against them and be sentenced to time served, according to the people. Gilbert worked with the Obama administration, but urged it to move faster. From his vantage point, the turning point came in April 2014, when it became clear key Obama officials would support a full commutation of the Cuban prisoners' sentences. "TEARS IN OUR EYES" The last puzzle piece slid into place at a Feb. 2014 White House meeting with lawmakers including Democratic Senators Patrick Leahy and Sen. Dick Durbin. Obama hammered home his opposition to a straight Gross-Cuban Three trade, two people present said. Durbin, in an interview, said he "raised the possibility of using the Vatican and the Pope as intermediaries." Pope Francis would bring the Catholic Church's moral influence and his status as the first pontiff from Latin America. It was also protection against harsh critics such as Cuban-American Sen. Robert Menendez. Leahy persuaded two Catholic cardinals to ask Francis to raise Cuba and the prisoners when he met Obama in March. The Pope did so, then wrote personal letters to Obama and Castro. "What could be better than the president being be able to tell Menendez or anybody else, 'Hey, The Pope asked me?'" a congressional aide said. The deal was finalized in late October in Rome, where the U.S. and Cuban teams met separately with Vatican officials, then all three teams together. Rhodes and Zuniga met the Cubans again in December to nail down logistics for the Dec. 17 announcements of prisoner releases, easing of U.S. sanctions, normalization of U.S.-Cuba relations and Cuba's freeing of 53 political prisoners. Gilbert was aboard the plane to Cuba that would bring Gross home. Landing at a military airfield, Gilbert met Cuban officials who had been in charge of Gross for five years. "Many of us from both countries had tears in our eyes," Gilbert said. Castro and Obama, whose Cuba policy still faces vocal opposition from anti-Castro lawmakers, will come face to face at next month's Western Hemisphere summit in Panama. Aides have dared to imagine that Obama could be the first U.S. president to visit Cuba since Calvin Coolidge in 1928. "We're in new territory here," Rhodes said. (Additional reporting by Patricia Zengerle, Anna Yukhananov, Lesley Wroughton and Mark Hosenball in Washington, and Dan Trotta in Havana. Editing by Jason Szep and Stuart Grudgings)

The Untold Story Of American Female Codebreakers During WWII

2022-03-19T18:04:23Z

JAYTaj5880299: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „In 1941, the U.S. Navy began quietly recruiting male intelligence officers from elite colleges and universities around the country as it prepared for their ine…“

In 1941, the U.S. Navy began quietly recruiting male intelligence officers from elite colleges and universities around the country as it prepared for their inevitable involvement in World War II; they were specifically looking for codebreakers to aid in deciphering the enemy's cryptic language. Just months before on July 9, 1941, Alan Turing and his team of 8,000 female ciphers broke the impossible German Enigma code at Bletchley Park; a feat that turned the tide of war in the Allies favor. By 1942, male enlistment abroad created a shortage in manpower on the home front and President Roosevelt designated a new division in the Navy for women; they were known as WAVES or, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. One of these volunteers was Judy Parsons, a 21-year-old graduate of Carnegie Mellon University who signed up for the officer training school in 1942. She was sent to the Navy's intelligence headquarters in Washington DC where she was shuffled into a room among other WAVES graduates. 'Does anyone know German?' they asked. Parsons had studied it for two years in high school and was immediately assigned to OP-20-G, a codebreaking division that became the US Navy's version of Bletchley Park. She is one of the 11,000 untold stories of American women responsible for some of the most impressive codebreaking triumphs of the war. Judy Parsons, 99, is a mother, grandmother and great-grandmother who worked as a codebreaker for the US Navy during World War II. She signed up for the officer training program after graduating from Carnegie Mellon University in 1942 and was sent to work in the 'OP-20-G' - a codebreaking division within the Navy's Office of Communications Judy Parsons is one of the many untold stories of women who worked in America's top secret decoding program during WWII. Their work was kept secret for almost 70 years. 'I never told my husband, I never told anybody,' said Parsons to CNN Decoders used a complicated machine known as a 'bombe' (above) to help decipher German Enigma-machine encrypted messages. The bombe was designed by British cryptologist, Alan Turing at Bletchley Park in 1939. Its function was to discover the daily key - wheel order, wheel settings and plugboard configuration of the Enigma coded messages Women in the OP-20-G were recruited from elite colleges and universities around the country. They were tested with weekly numbered problem sets and less than half passed the initial recruitment stages. Those who succeeded were sent to work in the Navy's cramped downtown Washington D.C. headquarters that had been converted from a former seminary campus Cryptographers, both male and female, were trained to decode German encrypted communications during World War II. Those selected for the clandestine work were adept at math, science and foreign languages The surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 led to the United States' formal entry into World War II. Overnight, a sleeping nation was forced to wake up to the fact that it was woefully unprepared for war. The home front mobilized its human and material resources for the war- effort which created an unprecedented opportunity for women to enter the workforce outside the domestic sphere. Epitomized by Rosie the Riveter, many women rolled up their sleeves to work in factories that built bombs, ships, tanks, and aircraft. Far less known are the stories like Judy Parsons, who joined the WAVES after discovering that the Navy was accepting women for its officer training program in a newspaper ad. RELATED ARTICLES Previous 1 Next Son of RAF gunner whose bomber was shot down and vanished... WWII boat that sank off Kent carrying 1,400 tons of... Goya's American dream: How Spanish immigrants turned their... Sorting the mail and blazing a trail: Remembering the unsung... PICTURED: Wreckage of gunboat that JFK commanded under fire... Britain's wartime women of steel: Stories of the unsung WWII... Share this article Share 628 shares By 1945, 11,000 women were hired to work as codebreakers for the Army and Navy but their work was to be kept entirely secret for almost 70 years. 'We were told that we would be hung at the gallows,' said Parsons to 'I never told my husband, I never told anybody,' she said. It wasn't until the 1990s, when information became declassified that Parsons began discussing the work she did among friends and family. If asked what they did, they were told to tell people that they emptied trash cans and sharpened pencils. 'It was kind-of a blow to my pride not be able to talk about it because everybody assumed I was a secretary,' said Parsons. Others improvised a more cheeky response and said their job was to sit on the laps of commanding officers. 'I would love to have said, I had such a good job you wouldn't believe, but I couldn't say that,' lamented Parsons. They worked hard at dispelling the myth that women were gossipy rumormongers and bad at keeping secrets. 'The top bananas said that women couldn't keep a secret and we showed them that we could,' said Parsons. According to A photo of Judy Parsons after her graduation from Carnegie Mellon University in 1942. The following year, Parsons was one of thousands of women who joined the Navy's new WAVES division. She was placed in the clandestine codebreaking unit because she studied German for two years in high school Parson focused primarily on decoding messages sent to German U-boats. Overtime, she developed kindred feelings for the submarine captains that she tracked so intimately. 'We really felt kind-of unhappy when they were killed, because we felt like we knew them. One of the skippers discovered he was a father just one week before his submarine was sunk. (Above). 'I felt so bad about that, he'll never know his father,' said Parsons to CNN. 'It was an odd feeling to know that you had part of somebody's death' The Navy took possession of Mount Vernon Seminary, a girls' school in tony upper northwest Washington, adding hastily erected barracks to house 4,000 female code breakers by 1944. By the end of the war, there were 11,000 women who worked on Op-20-G If asked what they did, they were told to tell people that they emptied trash cans and sharpened pencils. 'It was kind-of a blow to my pride not be able to talk about it because everybody assumed I was a secretary,' said Parsons The WAVES decoded messages, translating documents and built libraries that kept track of shipping inventories, speeches, and important enemy names. Once a code was broken, it had to be exploited and re-broken daily as the German key was reset every 24 hours. Speed was always of the essence The WAVES were not expected to succeed either. Virginia Gildersleeve, Dean of Barnard College, recalled to the how some Naval officers believed that 'admitting women into the Navy would break up homes and amount to a step backward in civilization.' Until 1942, all cryptoanalytic work was done by men and before arriving at their new job posts in Washington, the recruits received welcome packets that read: 'Whether women can take it over successfully, remains to be proved.' Adding later, 'We believe you can do it.' A propaganda poster from WWII reminds servicemen and women to beware of unguarded talk. Military top brass believed that women were prone to gossip and couldn't be trusted with the clandestine nature of their work. Parsons' kept oath of silence for fifty years. 'The top bananas said that women couldn't keep a secret and we showed them that we could' They were dressed in exquisitely tailored uniforms designed by the American couturier, Mainbocher and housed into hastily modified barracks throughout Washington D.C. and Arlington, Virginia. Years later, some remarked that it was 'the most flattering piece of clothing they ever owned.' The WAVES got to work at the Navy's cramped, downtown intelligence headquarters that were converted from a former seminary campus on Nebraska Avenue. Within a year, 4,000 women worked in the U.S. codebreaking unit. 'There's a bit of a misnomer, in that Bletchley Park is often discussed as the primary center where German codes and ciphers were being broken down,' said Commander David Kohnen, a historian at the Naval War College to CNN. 'In fact, after 1943, most of that work was being done in Washington, DC, at Nebraska Avenue by WAVES like Judy.' Historians estimate that the invention of the Enigma decoding 'Bombe' machine and the painstaking work done at Bletchley Park in the UK, shortened the war by two to four years. Without the Bombe machine (a hulking 5,000 ton computer designed by Alan Turing) - the odds of breaking the diabolically difficult German Enigma code were impossible: 1,600 million billion to one. The Bombe was a boon for the Allies who were suffering under Hitler's unstoppable reach. It allowed them to access top-secret German intelligence that eventually resulted in an Allied victory. Much like Bletchley Park, the WAVES worked around the clock in three rotating shifts to decipher German intelligence. Aided by the Bombe, teams of women unraveled coded messages, translated documents and built libraries that kept track of shipping inventories, speeches, and important enemy names. All WAVES were issued exquisitely tailored uniforms designed by American couturier, Mainbocher (above, Judy Parsons showcases her jacket). Years later, some remarked that it was 'the most flattering piece of clothing they ever owned' 72 African-American women had undergone recruit training by July 1945. Those who stayed in the WAVES after the war were employed without discrimination, but only five remained by August 1946 A WAVE decoding unit poses for a picture while stationed at the Naval Communications Command Annex in Washington, D.C. 1945. If asked what they did, they were told to tell people that they emptied trash cans and sharpened pencils Once a code was broken, it had to be exploited and re-broken daily as the German key was reset every 24 hours. Speed was always of the essence. They also tested the security of America's own intelligence in what would be the precursor to what is now commonly known as 'information security.' In the grand plot to fool German forces on D-Day, they created fake radio signals that fooled Hitler into believing the Normandy invasion would take place further up the coastline in Calais or far away places like Norway. Parsons' unit focused primarily on decoding messages sent to the German U-boats that wreaked deadly havoc on the Allied forces at sea. Overtime, she developed kindred feelings for the submarine captains that she tracked so intimately. 'We really felt kind-of unhappy when they were killed, because we felt like we knew them. When somebody died in the family, they got a message, happy birthday type things.' One of the captains was expecting a baby. 'It wasn't a week later that the submarine was sunk and I felt so bad about that. He'll never know his father,' said Parsons to CNN. 'It was an odd feeling to know that you had part of somebody's death.' Intelligence acquired by the WAVES resulted in the entire fleet of German U-boats being sunk or captured by the end of the war - completely eliminating their ruthless control of Allied shipping channels. In some ways, women were thought to be better suited for codebreaking work; but that 'wasn't a compliment,' explained Liz Mundy, author of Code Girls: The Untold Story of the American Women Code Breakers of World War II. It merely meant they were considered better at undertaking the boring tasks that required tedious attention to detail. Women did the painstaking grunt work while the giant 'leaps of genius' were reserved for their male cohorts said Mundy. They 'came from a generation when women did not expect—or receive—credit for achievement in public life.' One team of women agreed that if anyone ordered a vodka Collins while out at a bar together - it would be a signal that someone was showing too much interest in their work and they were to scatter to the ladies room and flee the situation. Above, the former seminary campus in Washington DC that was converted during to serve as the Naval intelligence headquarters during the war. 'There's a bit of a misnomer, in that Bletchley Park is often discussed as the primary center where German codes and ciphers were being broken down,' said Commander David Kohnen, a historian at the Naval War College to CNN. 'In fact, after 1943, most of that work was being done in Washington, DC, at Nebraska Avenue by WAVES like Judy' Cryptographer Genevieve Feinstein received an exceptional civilian service award from Brigadier General Peabody in May 1946. Feinstein was a junior cryptologist with the signal intelligence service and participant in solving the complex Japanese cipher machine known as 'Purple' The Bombe machine stood seven feet tall and weighed around 5,000 pounds. Dozens were installed at the Nebraska Avenue complex in Washington D.C. to help with codebreaking. They ran 24 hours a day and were operated by the WAVES working in three shifts Above, Judy Parsons it seen in old footage from her years as a WAVE. She said after the war, 'The Navy thanked us profusely, sent us home and it was back to the kitchen' Men were considered to be more brilliant but impatient, volatile and a security risk when it came to women and liquor. According to Politico, when the Army began training young soldiers to work as radio intercept operators, a memo was sent out among top brass that read: 'youth is a time for sowing of wild oats and under the influence of women and liquor, much is said that the speaker would not dream of saying when uninfluenced.' However, the WAVES were subject to stricter sexual and social punishments than enlisted men. Lesbianism, abortion were not tolerated and pregnancy, even for married women, resulted in a discharge. American cryptoanalysts played a crucial role in shortening the war with Japan; an enemy that Mundy said 'was willing to fight to the death.' The WAVES intercepted 30,000 water-transport messages per month in 1944 and made sense of the jumbled numerical deluge by searching for patterns with a few 'golden guesses.' Breaking the Japanese codes allowed Allies to destroy every single supply ship that attempted to forge through the Pacific; crippling the Imperial Army's troops. After the war, the Army and Navy's clandestine communications operations merged to become what is now the National Security Agency The WAVES, like so many other women who partook in the home front effort were expected to give up their jobs, go home and start having families. 'The Navy thanked us profusely, sent us home and it was back to the kitchen,' said Parsons. New York Representative Clarence Hancock heralded the codebreaking forces as a great success in a rousing speech to the House on October 25, 1945. 'They are entitled to glory and national gratitude which they will never receive,' he said. 'I believe that our cryptographers ... in the war with Japan did as much to bring that war to a successful and early conclusion as any other group of men.' 'That more than half of those 'cryptographers' were women was nowhere mentioned,' Liz Mundy. Without the Bombe machine (above) the odds of cracking the German Enigma code were impossible: 1,600 million billion to one WAVES also tested the security of America's own codes and intelligence in what would be the precursor to what is now commonly known as 'information security.' In weeks before the D-Day landing in Normandy, the women were also charged with creating phony coded American messages to deceive the Germans about the site of the invasion New York Representative Clarence Hancock heralded the codebreaking forces as a great success in a rousing speech to the House on October 25, 1945. 'They are entitled to glory and national gratitude which they will never receive,' he said. 'I believe that our cryptographers ... in the war with Japan did as much to bring that war to a successful and early conclusion as any other group of men' data-track-module="am-external-links^external-links"> Read more: The little-known story of the Navy women codebreakers who helped Allied forces win WWII - CNN - The Washington Post The Secret History of the Female Code Breakers Who Helped Defeat the Nazis - POLITICO Magazine DM.later('bundle', function() DM.has('external-source-links', 'externalLinkTracker'); );

It Is An Enigma Worthy Of Our Greatest Code Breaker

2022-03-18T18:27:16Z

JAYTaj5880299: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „It is an enigma worthy of our greatest code breaker. Britain's spy centre has devised its 'toughest ever' quiz to celebrate Alan Turing becoming the new fac…“

It is an enigma worthy of our greatest code breaker. Britain's spy centre has devised its 'toughest ever' quiz to celebrate Alan Turing becoming the new face of the £50 note by the Bank of England. If that was not enough for keen cryptographers, the note itself also contains a number of coded references to the celebrated mathematician and his life. The Turing Challenge has been compiled by intelligence staff at GCHQ based on the design of the new banknote and Turing's work breaking the German navy's Enigma codes in the Second World War. The quiz features 12 problem-solving puzzles leading to one ultimate answer. Some require general knowledge, while others need logic to solve. more videos 1 2 3 Watch video Putin: West's 'attempt to have global dominance' coming to an end Watch video Little Britain: David Walliams offensively describes a Chinese man Watch video Ukraine: Russia hasn't made progress around Kyiv in last 24 hours Watch video P&O Ferries staff find out they've all been sacked in Zoom call Watch video Massive chair-swinging fight at City Island Seafood City restaurant Watch video Tanks seen in Eastern Russia as the Kremlin looks for reinforcement Watch video Man weeps as he mourns his mother killed in Kyiv airstrikes Watch video 'Stop the war': Arnold Schwarzenegger urges Putin to end invasion Watch video Russian soldiers looking for ammo to 'shoot themselves in the leg' Watch video Russian tank appears to wantonly shoot Mariupol man in street Watch video Blue Whale manager: How to invest for reliable growth Watch video Thrifty DIY expert shows off stunning budget friendly renovation DM.later('bundle', function(){ DM.molFeCarousel.init('#p-19', 'channelCarousel', { "activeClass" : "wocc", "pageCount" : "3.0", "pageSize" : 1, "onPos": 0, "updateStyleOnHover": true }); }); But all are fiendishly difficult, with experts saying the challenge should take even the most experienced puzzlers seven hours. RELATED ARTICLES Previous 1 Next Ministers order Union Jack to fly on ALL government... Now RSPCA backs Spring Clean: Charity supports drive to... Share this article Share And on the note itself, eagle-eyed sleuths will also spot a line of ticker tape showing a binary code made up of ones and zeros. <div class="art-ins mol-factbox news halfRHS" data-version="2" id="mol-24d2fa60-8d3d-11eb-85ad-6da6713d822f" website sets fiendish quiz to mark launch of Alan Turing £50 note

Benutzer:JAYTaj5880299

2022-03-18T00:13:48Z

JAYTaj5880299: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „I'm Nina and I live with my husband and our two children in Northampton, in the PA south area. My hobbies are Cricket, Vehicle restoration and Aircraft spottin…“

I'm Nina and I live with my husband and our two children in Northampton, in the PA south area. My hobbies are Cricket, Vehicle restoration and Aircraft spotting. Also visit my site: cryptobrowser descargar; [https://cb.run/9YeN cb.run],